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Kinds of Text
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Social Function
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Generic Structures
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Language Features
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1. Narrative
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- To entertain the reader
- To amuse the reader
- To tell a story
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- Orientation (who were involved, when and where was it happened)
- Complication (a problem arises and followed by other problems)
- Resolution (provide solution to the problems)
- Coda (a moral value)
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- Use of simple past tense
- Use of action verb (walked, jumped, etc)
- Use of adverb of time (two days ago, etc)
- Use of conjunction (then, after that, etc)
- Use of adjective phrases (long black hair)
- Use of pronouns and nouns (he, she, etc)
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2. Recount
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- To retell something that happened in the past
- To tell series of past event
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- Orientation (who were involved, when and where was it happened)
- Events (tell what happened in a chronological order)
- Re-orientation (optional-closure of events)
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Use of past tense
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Use of action verb
(walked, jumped, etc)
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Use of adjective
(beautiful, clever,
etc)
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Use of pronouns and
nouns (he, she, etc)
- Use of adverb of time (two days ago, etc)
- Use of conjunction (then, after that, etc)
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3. Report
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- To presents information about something, as it is
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- General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tell
what phenomenon under discussion is)
- Description (tell the details of topic such as physical
appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behavior)
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- Use of general nouns (cat, rabbit, computer, etc)
- Use of present tense
- Use of behavioral verbs (snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
- Use of technical terms (water contains oxygen)
- Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)
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4. Spoof
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- To tell an event with a humorous twist
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- Orientation (who were involved, when and where was it happened)
- Events (tell what happened in a chronological order)
- Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)
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- Use of simple past tense
- Use of connectives (first, then, finally, etc)
- Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (two days ago, in the
garden)
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5. Descriptive
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- To describe a particular person, place, or thing
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- Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
- Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
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- Use of the simple present tense
- Use of action verb (walked, jumped, etc)
- Use of the adverb (well, fest, etc)
- Focus on specific participants
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6. Hortatory
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- To persuade the readers that something should or should not be
the case
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- Thesis (stating an issue of concern)
- Arguments (giving reason for concern, leading recommendation)
- Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)
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- Use of present tense
- Use emotive word (alarmed, worried, etc)
- Words that link arguments (firstly, however, etc)
- Words that qualify statements (usual probably, etc)
- Compound and complex sentences
- Use modal auxiliary (can, may, must, etc)
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7. Analytical
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- To persuade the readers that something in the case, to analyze
or to explain
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- Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces the
topic and indicates the writer’s position)
- Arguments (consist of a point and elaboration sequence)
- Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light
of the arguments presented)
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- Use of present tense
- Use emotive word (alarmed, worried, etc)
- Words that link arguments (firstly, however, etc)
- Words that qualify statements (usual probably, etc)
- Compound and complex sentences
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8. Procedures
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- To help us do a task or make something
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- Goals (the final purpose of doing the instruction)
- Materials (ingredients and equipment to do the instruction)
- Steps (a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
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- Use of simple present
tense
- Use of imperative sentences (cut, don’t mix, etc)
- Use of the adverb (slowly, fast, etc)
- Use of action verb (turn, put, etc)
- Use of connectives (first, then, finally, etc)
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9. Explanation
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- To explain the process involved in natural or socio cultural
phenomena
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- General statement (stating the phenomenon issues which are to be
explained)
- Sequenced Explanation (stating a series of steps which explain
the phenomena)
- Conclusion (a concluding paragraph)
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- Use of simple present tense
- Featuring generic participant (sun, rain, etc)
- Use of chronological connection (to begin with, next, etc)
- Use of passive voice
- Use of general and abstract noun (alcohol, abortion, smoking,
etc)
- Use of conjunction of time (after, before, until, etc)
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10.
News Item
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- To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are
considered newsworthy or important
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- News worthy event (tells the event in a summary form)
- Background events (elaborate what happened, tell what caused the
incident)
- Sources (comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and
experts involved in the event)
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- Use action verbs (hit, attack, etc)
- Use of saying verbs (said, added, etc)
- Use of passive sentences
- Use of adverbs in passive sentences
- Information on the use of head line
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11.
Discusssion
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- To present information and opinions about issues in more one
side of an issue
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- Statement Issue (stating the issue which is to discussed)
- List of supporting points (presenting the point in supporting
the presented issue)
- List of contrastive point (presenting other points which
disagree to the supporting point)
- Recommendation (stating the writer’s recommendation of the
discourse)
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- Introducing category or generic participant
- Use of thinking verb (feel, hope, believe, etc)
- Use of additive connection (addition, besides, furthermore, etc)
- Use of contrastive
connection (although, even, if, etc)
- Use of casual connection (because, because of, etc)
- Use of modalities (must, should, could may)
- Use of adverbial of manner (deliberately, hopefully, etc)
- Use of simple present tense
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12.
Review
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- To critique an art work or event for a public audience
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- Orientation (background information on the text)
- Evaluation (concluding statement: judgment, opinion or
recommendation. It can consist of more than one)
- Interpretative recount (summary of an art works including
characters and plot)
- Evaluative (the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the
punch line of the art works being criticized)
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- Focus on specific participants
- Use of adjectives (beautiful, big, clever, etc)
- Use of long and complex clauses
- Use of metaphor
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Kinds of Text ( Jenis Teks Bahasa Inggris )
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